The Importance of Edge: Bornean Orangutan Resource Use in a Transitional Habitat (#682)
Species vary in their
ability to utilize resources in ecotones, with studies showing that more
behaviorally flexible species are more successful in these transitional habitats.
The endangered Bornean orangutan (Pongo
pygmaeus wurmbii) is a large arboreal and primarily frugivorous primate that
exhibits both characteristics found in behaviorally flexible species and
species particularly sensitive to disturbance.
Because of this unique combination, it is unclear whether orangutans utilize
ecotones at the same frequency as other areas in their home range. This study combines over 20,000 GPS points
representing habitat use (individual activity, foraging, nesting) with extensive
phenology data from the Tuanan Orangutan Research Project, Central Kalimantan,
Indonesia to determine if orangutans preferably use ecotones, what factors
influence their edge use, and explores the potential ramifications of an
increased human-wildlife interface along edge. The Tuanan research area is peat
swamp habitat encompassing over 1,000 hectares, with a density of 4.5 orangutans
per square kilometer. To measure
orangutan edge use, we created a scoring system that measures habitat use
compared to a mean score of 1.00, representing equal use among randomly uniform
resources across the home range. Within
200m of the defined edge, orangutans used edge resources 1.98 times more than
expected (σ =
1.84, N = 6 individuals). For some
individuals, edge was up to 5.53 times higher than expected use. Our study
demonstrates the importance of this transitional edge habitat for orangutan
ranging. However, edge habitat inherently faces the greatest threat from human
exploitation due to the collection of forest products or its close spatial
relationship to human development (roads, power lines, pipelines, etc.). Given that orangutans in TORP area extensively
use these edge areas, the potential impact of a large-scale project, like the
currently proposed provincial road, should be carefully planned and
environmental assessments should be conducted prior to construction.